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| The parish register from St Andrew's Holborn showing the baptism of baby Louisa Foster |
There
were two baptisms at St Andrew’s, Holborn on 12 March 1802, both of them
workhouse babies from the parish workhouse on Gray’s Inn Lane. Mary Beauchamp christened her son George, no
father was present or recorded, and George and Jane Foster had their infant
daughter Louisa baptised. George had
married Jane Humphrey at St Clements Dane on 26 June 1794 and Louisa was the
Foster’s fourth child; one had died in infancy but the other two had, to all
intents and purposes, been abandoned in the Barnet workhouse. George Foster according
to his employer, coachmaker James Bushwell, was “one of the most diligent men
he had ever employed.” In the harsh
economic conditions at the start of the nineteenth century his diligence earned
him 24 shillings a week in summer and 21 a week in winter but this was not
enough to enable him to support his own children or to secure a regular place
of residence. When not in the workhouse George Foster lodged, without his wife
and children, in a house in North Row, Grosvenor Square though he often only
slept there one or two nights a week. Jane Foster lodged with her mother when
she could, in Old Boswell Court. George’s landlord did not feel that man and
wife were on particularly good terms because Jane wanted the family to live
together and George was not keen. George told one of his workmates that he “was
determined not to live with her any more.” She often called at North Row
looking for George and wanting money from him. Perhaps alcohol contributed to
the families unsettled lifestyle; there is some evidence from their last day
together that drink may well have played its part. Within a year of the
christening at St Andrews, George, Jane and baby Louisa were all dead.
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| Illustration from Giovanni Aldini's 'Essai théorique et expérimental sur le galvanisme' |
On
Monday morning 6 December John Atkins, a boatman on the Grand Union Canal, made
a harrowing discovery, the ice-covered body of a drowned baby had somehow
wedged itself under the bow of his barge at Westbourne Green. He promptly
informed the authorities and Sir Richard Ford, Chief Magistrate of Bow Street
and so effectively London’s police chief, instructed him to drag the canal
looking for further bodies. In the meantime, the dead baby was removed to
Chelsea workhouse where a few days later it was seen by Margaret Bradfield,
George Foster’s landlady. When she was later asked at his trial if she had recognised
the deceased she responded “it was the prisoner's child; I pulled up its
eye-lids to look at the colour of its eyes; its name was Louisa.” It took three
days of dredging by bargemen to find the corpse of a woman entangled in a
submerged bush “close by the window of the Mitre Tavern”. The landlady and
waiter of the Mitre both recognised the body as a customer from the previous
Sunday afternoon who had drunk rum and porter in the company of an unknown man.
No further bodies were discovered and George Foster was not taken into custody
until after Christmas. He was interrogated by Sir Richard Ford himself and made
the following statement:
‘My wife and child
came to me on Saturday se’nnight, about eight o’clock in the evening, and slept
at my lodgings that night. The next morning, about nine or ten o’clock, I went
out with them, and walked to the New Cut at Paddington; we went to the Mitre
tavern, and had some rum, some porter, and some bread and cheese. Before that
we had stopped at a public house near the first bridge, where we had some
beefsteaks and some porter; after which she desired me to walk further on by
the cut, so I went with her. I left her directly I came out of the Mitre
tavern, which was about three o’clock, and made the best of my way to
Whetstone, in order to go to Barnet, to see two of my children, who are in the
workhouse there. I went by the bye lanes, and was about an hour and a half
walking from the Mitre to Whetstone. When I got there, I found it so dark that I
would not go on to Barnet, but came home that night. I have not seen my wife
nor child since; I have not enquired after them, but I meant to have done so
to-morrow evening, at Mrs. Hobart’s. -- I came home from Whetstone that evening
between seven and eight o’clock; I saw no person in going to Whetstone; nor did
I stop any where, at any public house, or elsewhere, except the Green Dragon,
at Highgate, where I had a glass of rum. My wife had a black gown on, and a
black bonnet; the child had a straw bonnet, and white bed gown. My wife was a
little in liquor.’
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The Mitre Tavern, opposite Wormwood Scrubs on the Regents Canal
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On 19 December Jane Foster was buried in the
churchyard of St Paul’s in Hammersmith, the old church that was demolished in
the early 1880’s to make for the current church (much of the churchyard was
later lost when the Hammersmith flyover was built). As well as the official
parish register the curate of St Paul’s also kept a personal notebook in which
he calculated his quarterly bill to the board of the workhouse for burying the
paupers and made aide-memoires of the deaths he needed to register sometimes
with piquant details of how the deceased had met their end. John Smith, for example, was “killed by a
horse at the black bull” in November 1801 and John Cooper appears to have met
his end in November 1803 in a bathing tub. The curate noted that Jane Foster
was aged 34 at the time of her death and added that she was “drownd in the New
Cutt in the wood”. At the bottom of the page he later added a footnote “the
above Jane Foster & her infant child was drownd in the New Cutt by her Husband
who was Hanged for it Jan Monday 17 1803”. Sadly baby Louisa was not buried
with her mother but was interred the following day 3 miles away at St Luke’s in
Chelsea (not the church on Sydney Street but Chelsea Old Church on Cheyne
Walk).
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| The entry on Jane Foster in the curate's notebook |
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Baby Louisa Foster in the burial Register of St Luke's, Chelsea
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A
Coroner’s jury delivered a verdict of accidental death on Jane and Louisa
Foster and George Hodgson, the Middlesex Coroner, later testified that he had
viewed the bodies and also had them examined by a surgeon and that neither he nor the surgeon had
observed any sign of violence. Despite this George’s story was not believed by Sir Richard Ford and he was charged with the murder of his wife and
child. At the trial at the Old Bailey there were hints that Jane Foster may
have taken her own life. The landlady of the Mitre reported that her parting
remark on quitting the tavern had been “this is the last time I shall come
here,” though she said this was not said despondently but more in a huff.
Another witness, Sarah Goring in whose house the Fosters had lodged four years
previously was asked if Jane Foster has “ever said any thing to you respecting
her inclination or disinclination to remain in this world?” No she said, adding
“I was very much surprised to hear she was in the work-house, because he was a
very tender husband and a good father.” George’s employer and four other
witnesses gave him a good character but his story of walking to Whetstone, more
than 9 miles away from the Mitre tavern, in an hour and a half and of walking
almost 20 miles in a little over three hours, was not credible. And why would
he be lying? The only possible reason as far as the jury were concerned was to
hide his guilt. They found him guilty as charged and he was condemned to hang
and his body to be handed to the surgeons for dissection.
A
hastily put together report by the Recorder of London recorded grounds for
clemency in evidence not produced at the trial. The Rev. William Agutter,
Chaplain of the asylum for Female Orphans in St George’s Fields, had written a
letter to the Recorder “regarding a long consultation with Ann Arnold who was
friendly with the dead woman. Arnold stated that Mrs Foster had parted from her
husband and had gone into the workhouse. Mrs Foster and the child had since
left the workhouse and were destitute. Arnold had told Mrs Foster to leave the
child at the workhouse and obtain a nursing position, but she would not as the
children 'were used so very ill.' Mrs Foster is stated to have said "If we
die, we die together," and that "if something was not done for her
she would put an End to her Misery." Eleanor Deker, who had met Mrs Foster
at Arnolds, confirmed this statement and said they both thought that 'some mischief'
would happen to Mrs Foster.”
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| Illustration from Giovanni Aldini's 'Essai théorique et expérimental sur le galvanisme' |
In
the week that George Foster went on trial Giovanni Aldini, the nephew of Luigi
Galvani, was astonishing polite London society with his demonstrations of the
power of electricity. On 6 January 1803 the Morning Post reported:
Dr. Aldini, now in
London, lately exhibited at the house of Mr. Hunter, some curious experiments
on the body' of a dog newly killed, by which the company then present were
exceedingly astonished by the powers of Galvanism. The head of the animal was
cut off. The head and body were put beside each other, on a table previously
rubbed with a solution of ammonia. Two wires communicating with the Galvanic
trough, were then applied, the one in the ear, the other at the anus of the
dead animal. No sooner had those applications been made, than both head and
body were thrown into the most animated muscular motions. The body started up
with a movement by which it passed over the side of the table. The head equally
moved; its lips and teeth grinning violently. A curiosity has been expressed to
have these experiments tried on a criminal newly executed. Dr. Aldini has
communicated his discoveries, in an ingenious paper, to the Royal Society. He
is soon to publish an English work on this subject.
George
Foster was soon to satisfy the curiosity to see the dead dog experiments repeated
on a human being. Since his trial he had ‘he had scarcely taken the smallest nourishment’
and had been so troubled by his conscience that he had made a full confession
to his crime and in response to questions would only say that “I ought to
die.” On 17 January at three minutes to
eight in the morning he was brought out from Newgate wearing the same brown
greatcoat and red waistcoat that he had worn through his trial. He was so
enfeebled that he could not walk unassisted the short distance from the prison
to the place of execution and had to be helped up the stairs to the scaffold that
stood outside the debtor’s door of the Old Bailey. The reporter from Bell’s
Weekly Messenger noted that when he ascended the platform “his air was dejected
in the extreme, and the sorrow manifested in his countenance, depicted the
inward workings of a heart conscious of the heinous crime he had committed.” According to the Newgate Calendar after “passing
a short time in prayer with Dr Ford, the ordinary of Newgate, the cap was
pulled over his eyes, when the stage falling from under him, he was launched
into eternity.” The calendar also reports that he ‘died very easy’ with the
help of his friends, who had stood beneath the scaffold with the express
purpose of pulling on his legs to break his neck and cutting short his
sufferings. What happened next was reported in full in the Morning Post of 22 January:
The body of
Forster, who was executed on Monday last for murder, was conveyed to a house
not far distant, where it was subjected to the Galvanic Process, by Professor
Aldini, under the inspection of Mr. Keate, Mr. Carpue, and several other
Professional Gentlemen. M. Aldini, who is the nephew of the discoverer of this
most interesting science, shewed the eminent and superior powers of Galvanism
to be far beyond any other stimulant in nature. On the first application of the
process to the face, the jaw of the deceased criminal began to quiver, and the
adjoining muscles were horribly contorted, and one eve was actually opened. In
the subsequent part of the process, the right hand was raised and clenched, and
the legs and thighs were set in motion. It appeared to the uninformed part of
the bystanders as if the wretched man was on the eve of being restored to life.
This, however, was impossible, as several of his friends who were near the
scaffold had violently pulled his legs, in order to put a more speedy
termination to his sufferings. The experiment, in fact, was of a better use and
tendency. Its object was to shew the excitability of the human frame, when this
animal electricity is duly applied. In cases of drowning or suffocation, it
promises to be of the utmost use, by reviving the action of the lungs, and
thereby re-kindling the expiring spark of vitality. In cases of apoplexy, or
disorders of the head, it offers also most encouraging prospects for the
benefit of mankind. The Professor, we understand, has made use of Galvanism
also in several cases of insanity, and with complete success. It is the opinion
of the first medical men, that this discovery, if rightly managed and duly
prosecuted, cannot fail to be of great, and perhaps, as yet unforeseen utility.
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| Giovanni Aldini by William Brockedon (1830) in the National Portrait Gallery |
Later
rumour had it that the raised right arm and clenched fist had connected with
the nose of Mr Pass the Beadle of Surgeons Hall who suffered such a fright that
he returned home and died the same night. Aldini’s grisly but theatrical
demonstrations were a great success though not everyone was impressed. The
American Thomas G. Fessenden who was in London at the time wrote, under the
pseudonym Dr Christopher Caustic, the “Terrible Tractoration: A Poetical
Petition Against Galvanising Trumpery, and the Perkinistic Institution.
Addressed to the Royal College of Physicians.” This includes the following
lines about Aldini:
For he, ‘tis told In public papers,
Can make dead people cut droll capers
And shuffling off death's iron trammels,
To kick and hop like dancing camels!
To raise a dead dog he was able,
Though laid in quarters on a table;
And led him yelping, round the town,
With two legs up, and two legs down!
And this most comical magician
Will soon, in public exhibition,
Perform a feat he's often boasted,
And animate a dead pig roasted!
With powers of these Metallic Tractors;
He can revive dead malefactors;
And is reanimating, daily,
Rogues that were hung once, at Old Bailey!
And sure I am he'll break the peace,
Unless secured by our police;
For such a chap, as you're alive,
Full many a felon will revive.
And as he can, no doubt of that,
Give rogues the nine lives of a cat;
Why then, to expiate their crimes,
These rogues must all be hung nine times!
